• Science and Technology
  Internet as gateway to knowledge
  Empowering people
  
  
• Economic Development
  Internet as booster of economy
  IT as the fastest growing industry sector
  Use IT for higher efficiency for all industries
  
  
• International Community
  Internet as diplomatic tool
  Internet and national and international security
  
  
• Regulation
  Who 'owns' the Internet?
  Who controls the Internet?
  Who are regulated, for what?
  
  
• Content Control
  Why control?
  How to control?
  What to control
  How much does it cost?

• ISP License
  Who gives it to whom?
  How to give?
  be it controled, monopoly or free to enter?
  
  
• Social order and the Net
  "Borderless" world?
  E-money, E-commerce - transcending the border
  money laundering, Tax escape, Mafia activities, Underground market
  Political activitiesanti-government movements, terollists
  Anti-social activities extremists: racial, religeous, sexual....

ブ	ISP Control	Regulator	Content Control	Authority Model	User	Domain (96-97)
Japan	+	MPT	+	Police Press	free	496,427
Korea	+	MIC	++	ICEO/MOC	free	47,973
N. Korea	+++++	ブ	+++++	Mil?	ブ	ブ
China	++++	InterAgency Committee	+++	SNA/Xinhua BC/Press	free (register)	11,282
Hong Kong	+	OFTA	+	Rec & Cult Mn Press	free	24,133
Mongolia	+++	Min. of Infra	ブ	ブ	free	na
Taiwan	+	MPT	+	ブ	free	30,645
Singapore	++++	TAS	++++	SBA BroadCast	free	38,376
Philippines	+	NTC	+	ブ	free	3,117
Malaysia	+++	MPTE	+	MOI Press	free	8,541
Burunei	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ	free	170
Indonesia	++	ブ	++	Press	free	5,262
Thailand	++	ブ	+	ブ	free	6,362
Vietnam	++++	ブ	++	Intrior M	ブ	ブ
Cambodia	++++	ブ	++	ブ	ブ	ブ
Laos	++++	ブ	?	ブ	ブ	ブ
Myammer	+++++	ブ	?	Press	Register	ブ
India	+++	ブ	?	ブ	ブ	2,176
Sri Lanka	+	ブ	?	ブ	ブ	234
Bangladesh	++++	ブ	ブ	Press	ブ	ブ
Nepal	++	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ	60
Butan	+++	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ
Pakistan	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ	386
Maldives	+++	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ	ブ

ブ	Regulator	Substantive Rules	Sanctions	Mechanism
1.	The actor him/herself	Personal Ethics	Self-sanction	Self
2.	Second pargy controllers i.e., the person acted upon	Contractual provisions	Various self-help mechanisms	PICS, RSACi, Filter software
3.	Non-hiderarchically organized social forces	Social norms	Social sactions	Code of Conduct
4.	Hierarchically organized non-governmental organizations	Organization rules	Organization sanctions	Industry self-regulation
5.	Governments	Law	State enforcement, coercive sanctions	Law

Source: How Countries Are Regulating Internet Content by Peng Hwa Ang (tphang@ntu.edu.sg) , Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

• Cultural dis-order
  Cultural Identity
  Language
  
  
• Is Internet That Powerful?
  Where is the tangible proof, positive or negative?
  
  
• Can you really 'control' the Internet, or control Netizens using it?
  
  
  
  
• Japan
  ISP is easy, just 'register' - 1,700 ISPs (1997)
  Min. of Justice is officialy studying wiretapping act including Internet.
  Users/ISPs arrested, procecuted for illegal distribution of hardcore porns
  
  
• Southe Korea
  The first country to have Internet-specific censorship law:
  Electronic Communication Business Law (1995)
  Information & Communication Ethics Office established, to
  Cencor info that may "cause a loss of national sovereignty" or "harm youth"
  Minister of Communication can order information provider to delete/ restrict the material
  One ISP - more than 220,000 deleted messages in 8 months in 1996
  Political speech:
  contact with, expressions of sympathy toward North Korea are forbidden
  Access to North Korean WWW can be procecuted
  Should a South Korean meet a North Korean on the Internet, he would have to report to police within 7 days
  
  
• China
  Following after Singapore's model, but much further
  Only comp. and sci. newsgroups are allowed
  Access is through filters on 4 government-controlled ISPs:
  Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, Ministry of Electronics Industry, State Education Commission, Chinese Academy of Sciences
  Pornography, political and linguistic matters censored
  100 Web sites were officially baned in Sep, 1996
  English-language site: The Wall Street Journal, CNN. Chinese-language sites from Taiwan, Sites by Hong Kong newspapers, anti-Beijing publications. Overseas dissident sites: Tibet and Xinjiang's independence movement.
  Sexually explicit sites,Playboy and Penthouse. Some sites unblocked.
  Law(1996) bars international calls to Internet. Violators face first a warning then a fine of up to US$2,000
  China passed a law that compelled all economic news by foreign companies be distributed only through Xinhua Agency
  
  
• Singapore
  SBA monitoring the harmful contnet: Sexual, political, religeous, racial
  ISPs requested to filter specified sources of information, using Proxy servers
  
  
• Indonesia
  Indonesians are turning to the Internet as an alternative source of information as political unrest spreads and authorities tighten supervision of newspapers and television
  Information Minister Harmoko said Government had no plans to regulate the Internet (Mar. 1996)
  Activists said that did not mean authorities were not monitoring
  
  
• Malyasia
  No Censorship of the Internet (in MSC)
  The government would act only if illegal or offensivematerials like pornography were distributed within Malaysia (MIMOS)
  
  
• Philippines
  National Telecommunications Commission
  (Dept of Trnasportation and Communications )
  All registered Value-added service providers are requested by Dept. of Justice to bar/block entry of Pornographic material throught Internet (July 1996)
  For special protection of children
  
  
• Vietnam
  Interior Ministry has the power to monitor contents, including email, Internet users legally responsible for any information they provide or receive
  
  
• Myanmer
  All modems, faxes should be registered - or 7 years in Prison (no enforcement/implementations reported)
  Democratic Movement using Web from outside the country, Government has its own Web in US.
  
  
• UAE
  Censor Internet using Singapore model:
  use proxy servers as filters
  issue Internet access licenses through the police

Peng Hwa Ang (tphang@ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

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